Hypokalemia Mnemonic: A Quick and Easy Guide to Remembering Key Causes and Symptoms
Newsletter Hypokalemia Mnemonic: A Quick and Easy Guide to Remembering Key Causes and Symptoms Hypokalemia, defined as low potassium levels in the blood, is a common electrolyte imbalance that can have significant health implications. Potassium is an essential mineral that plays a crucial role in maintaining proper nerve function, muscle contractions, and heart rhythm. When potassium levels drop below the normal range (3.5-5.0 mmol/L), it can lead to a range of symptoms and potentially life-threatening complications. In this blog article, we will introduce a handy mnemonic to help healthcare professionals, medical students, and interested individuals remember the key causes and symptoms of hypokalemia. This mnemonic can be a valuable tool in clinical settings, assisting in faster diagnosis and prompt management of patients. Click the button below to Download 570+ High-Yield Presentations in Emergencies, Orthopedics, Gynaecology & Obstetrics, Surgery, and Clinical Medicine Get LIFETIME Access to 570+ Medical Presenations The Hypokalemia Mnemonic: “LOW POTASSIUM” L: Loop Diuretics Loop diuretics, such as furosemide and bumetanide, are commonly prescribed medications used to treat conditions like hypertension and edema. However, they can lead to potassium loss through increased urinary excretion, which can result in hypokalemia. O: Other Diuretics Besides loop diuretics, other types of diuretics, like thiazide diuretics (hydrochlorothiazide) and potassium-sparing diuretics (spironolactone), can also lead to potassium depletion, contributing to hypokalemia. W: Vomiting and Diarrhea Excessive vomiting and diarrhea, whether due to gastrointestinal infections, food poisoning, or other medical conditions, can lead to significant fluid and electrolyte losses, including potassium. P: Poor Dietary Intake A diet low in potassium-rich foods, such as fruits (e.g., bananas, oranges) and vegetables (e.g., spinach, potatoes), can contribute to chronic hypokalemia. O: Other Medications Certain medications, like corticosteroids, high-dose beta-2 agonists (e.g., albuterol), and aminoglycoside antibiotics, can increase potassium excretion, leading to hypokalemia. T: Transcellular Shift In some medical conditions, such as alkalosis (a higher pH than normal in the blood) or insulin excess, potassium can shift from the extracellular space into the cells, causing low serum potassium levels. A: Alkalosis As mentioned earlier, alkalosis, a condition characterized by an elevated blood pH, can lead to the transcellular shift of potassium, resulting in hypokalemia. S: Sugar (Insulin Excess) High insulin levels, often seen in individuals with poorly controlled diabetes or after excessive carbohydrate intake, can drive potassium into the cells and lower blood potassium levels. S: Severe Sweating Intense physical activity, exposure to high temperatures, or conditions that cause excessive sweating can lead to potassium loss and hypokalemia. I: Inadequate Intake (Malnutrition) Malnutrition or insufficient potassium intake, particularly in vulnerable populations like the elderly or those with eating disorders, can lead to low potassium levels. U: Urinary Losses (Renal Causes) Kidney-related causes, such as renal tubular acidosis (RTA) or mineralocorticoid excess (e.g., Conn’s syndrome), can result in increased potassium excretion and hypokalemia. M: Magnesium Deficiency Hypokalemia can be exacerbated by low levels of magnesium, as magnesium is essential for maintaining potassium balance in the body. Download our Medical MNEMONICS eBook Conclusion Hypokalemia is a significant medical condition that requires prompt recognition and appropriate management. By using the “LOW POTASSIUM” mnemonic, healthcare professionals and medical students can easily recall the key causes of hypokalemia, facilitating quicker diagnosis and treatment. It is essential to remember that the mnemonic serves as an aid, and clinical judgment, along with appropriate diagnostic tests, should be utilized to confirm the diagnosis and determine the best course of action. Always consult a healthcare professional for personalized advice and treatment for any medical condition. Regular monitoring of potassium levels, maintaining a balanced diet, and cautious use of medications can help prevent and manage hypokalemia effectively. Get LIFETIME Access to 570+ Medical Presenations Click the button below to Download 570+ High-Yield Presentations in Emergencies, Orthopedics, Gynaecology & Obstetrics, Surgery, and Clinical Medicine Get Lifetime Access to 570+ Medical Presentations Share this : [Sassy_Social_Share total_shares=”ON”] Related Articles Sepsis & Septic Shock Newsletter Sepsis & Septic shock Sepsis is life-threatening organ dysfunction… Read More Causes of Hyperkalemia Newsletter Remembering Hyperkalemia: An Essential Mnemonic for Medical Professionals Hyperkalemia… Read More Opioid Poisoning Newsletter Opioid Poisoning Previous image Next image Click the button… Read More Pulmonary Embolism Newsletter Pulmonary Embolism Pulmonary embolism (PE) is the third most… Read More Acute Asthma Newsletter Acute Asthma Previous Next Click the button below to… Read More Epilepsy & Status Epilepticus Newsletter Epilepsy & Status Epilepticus An epileptic seizure is a… Read More Emergency Assessment Newsletter Emergency Assessment Previous Next Click the button below to… Read More Hyperkalemia Mnemonic Newsletter Hyperkalemia Mnemonic Mnemonic for Hyperkalemia It can be a… Read More Anaphylaxis Newsletter Anaphylaxis (Including Treatment algorithm for adults with Anaphylaxis &… Read More Hypocalcemia Mnemonic Newsletter Hypocalcemia Mnemonic Mnemonics in Hypocalcemia It can be a… Read More Heart Block Poem Newsletter Heart Block Poem Heart Block Poem: 1st, 2nd, 3rd… Read More Spontaneous Pneumothorax Newsletter Spontaneous Pneumothorax ‘Pneumothorax’ means the air in the pleural… Read More Supra-Ventricular Tachy-Arrhythmias Newsletter Supra-ventricular Tachy-Arrhythmias Previous Next Click the button below to… Read More Hypokalemia ECG/EKG Newsletter Hypokalemia ECG/EKG ECG changes in hypokalaemia (K < 2.7… Read More Paracetamol Poisoning Newsletter Paracetamol Poisoning Previous Next Click the button below to… Read More Load More Library Anatomy Anesthesiology Biochemistry Cardiology Dermatology Emergency Endocrinology ENT Examinations Forensic Med. 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Read MoreFocus on Nursing Pharmacology
Newsletter Focus on Nursing Pharmacology – FREE PDF Download “Focus on Nursing Pharmacology” by Amy M. Karch is an exceptional resource for nursing students, educators, and practitioners who seek a comprehensive understanding of pharmacology in the context of nursing practice. With its user-friendly format, detailed explanations, and practical examples, this book serves as a valuable tool for mastering the intricate world of pharmacology and its application in patient care. Amy M. Karch, a renowned nurse educator and expert in pharmacology, has crafted a comprehensive guide that seamlessly integrates fundamental pharmacological principles with clinical practice. The book consists of 15 well-organized chapters, covering various essential topics such as drug administration, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and drug classifications. Each chapter is thoughtfully structured and supported by illustrative tables, clear diagrams, and engaging case studies that enhance the learning experience. Rish Academy’s Pharmacology Flashcards eBook Click the button below to download Rish Academy’s Pharmacology Flashcards eBook. The book has 15 chapters and 122 Pages. Download Now Key Features 1. Comprehensive Content: “Focus on Nursing Pharmacology” offers a wealth of information, covering everything from basic pharmacological concepts to specific drug classes and their therapeutic uses. The book provides a solid foundation for understanding drug actions, interactions, adverse effects, and nursing considerations. 2. Interactive Learning Aids: The author employs an interactive approach to facilitate learning. Each chapter begins with a concise introduction, learning objectives, and a list of key terms, enabling readers to focus on essential concepts. The inclusion of case studies throughout the text promotes critical thinking and application of knowledge in real-world scenarios. 3. Clear Explanations and Illustrations: Amy Karch has a remarkable ability to explain complex pharmacological concepts in a clear and concise manner. The book is filled with visually appealing illustrations, charts, and graphs that aid comprehension and retention of information. Additionally, the author uses practical examples and clinical scenarios to bridge the gap between theory and practice effectively. 4. Nursing Considerations: Recognizing the significance of nursing responsibilities, the book devotes ample attention to nursing considerations, including assessment, patient education, and monitoring. These sections highlight the nurse’s role in medication administration and the importance of patient safety throughout the medication process. 5. Updated Drug Information: “Focus on Nursing Pharmacology” reflects the latest advancements and trends in the field of pharmacology. The book incorporates up-to-date drug information, including new drug approvals, indications, contraindications, and dosage recommendations. This feature ensures that readers have access to accurate and relevant content. 6. Online Resources: In addition to the comprehensive text, the book offers valuable online resources, such as interactive quizzes, flashcards, and additional case studies. These resources serve as excellent tools for self-assessment, reinforcing learning, and preparing for examinations. A page from Rish Academy’s Pharmacology Flashcards eBook Click the button below to download Rish Academy’s Pharmacology Flashcards eBook. The book has 15 chapters and 122 Pages. Download Now Critique While “Focus on Nursing Pharmacology” is an exceptional resource, it is important to note that the depth of information presented may be overwhelming for some readers. However, the author’s approachable writing style and the book’s logical organization help mitigate this potential challenge. Additionally, given the rapidly evolving nature of pharmacology, periodic updates to ensure the inclusion of the latest research and drug developments would further enhance the book’s value. Conclusion In conclusion, “Focus on Nursing Pharmacology” by Amy M. Karch is an outstanding textbook that caters to the unique needs of nursing students and professionals. Amy Karch’s expertise in the field, combined with the book’s comprehensive content, interactive learning aids, and emphasis on nursing considerations, make it an invaluable resource. Whether you are a novice student or an experienced nurse, this book will undoubtedly deepen your understanding of pharmacology and equip you with the knowledge and skills necessary to provide safe and effective medication administration in your nursing practice. Click the button below to Download 570+ High-Yield Presentations in Emergencies, Orthopedics, Gynaecology & Obstetrics, Surgery, and Clinical Medicine Get LIFETIME Access to 570+ Medical Presenations Share this : [Sassy_Social_Share total_shares=”ON”] Related Articles Madecassol – Uses, Doses and Side Effects Classification of Anti Diabetic Drugs Celestamine Gabapentin Ruined My Life Drugs used in Tuberculosis Common Drugs in Paediatrics Anti Anginal Drugs Nursing Pharmacology Flashcards Library Anatomy Anesthesiology Biochemistry Cardiology Dermatology Emergency Endocrinology ENT Examinations Forensic Med. Obs. & Gynae. 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Examples of Mitochondrial Inheritance Diseases
Newsletter Mitochondrial Inheritance Examples Examples of Mitochondrial Inheritance Diseases Mitochondrial inheritance is a fascinating aspect of genetics that determines how certain genetic traits are passed down from generation to generation. Unlike nuclear DNA, which is inherited from both parents, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is primarily inherited from the mother. This unique inheritance pattern offers valuable insights into the evolution, diagnosis, and treatment of various mitochondrial disorders. In this article, we will explore mitochondrial inheritance in detail, providing you with comprehensive examples that highlight its significance in medical research. Click the button below to Download 570+ High-Yield Presentations in Emergencies, Orthopedics, Gynaecology & Obstetrics, Surgery, and Clinical Medicine Get LIFETIME Access to 570+ Medical Presenations Mitochondria and Their Role in Cellular Energy Production Mitochondria are small, specialized structures found within cells that are often referred to as the “powerhouses” due to their vital role in energy production. They convert nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the cellular fuel that powers essential biological processes. Each mitochondrion contains its own circular DNA molecule, mtDNA, which encodes crucial genes involved in energy production and other cellular functions. Maternal Inheritance of mtDNA One of the remarkable characteristics of mtDNA is its predominantly maternal inheritance pattern. During fertilization, the sperm contributes only nuclear DNA to the resulting embryo, while the egg provides both nuclear DNA and mitochondria. As a result, the mtDNA from the sperm is largely eliminated shortly after fertilization, leaving the maternal mtDNA to populate the developing embryo. Heteroplasmy and Homoplasmy Mitochondrial inheritance introduces the concepts of heteroplasmy and homoplasmy. Heteroplasmy refers to the presence of more than one type of mtDNA within an individual’s cells, while homoplasmy denotes the presence of a single type of mtDNA. Heteroplasmy can arise due to various factors, such as mutations or a mixture of normal and mutated mtDNA. The proportions of different mtDNA types in heteroplasmic individuals can vary among tissues and may change over time. Click the button below to Download 570+ High-Yield Presentations in Emergencies, Orthopedics, Gynaecology & Obstetrics, Surgery, and Clinical Medicine Get LIFETIME Access to 570+ Medical Presenations Mitochondrial Inheritance Examples Here are a few examples of diseases and conditions that exhibit mitochondrial inheritance: 1. Leber’s Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON): LHON is a mitochondrial disorder that primarily affects the optic nerve, leading to sudden and severe vision loss. It is caused by specific mutations in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). LHON follows a maternal inheritance pattern, meaning it is primarily passed from an affected mother to her children. While both males and females can inherit the condition, males are more likely to develop symptoms. This inheritance pattern occurs because the sperm does not contribute mitochondria during fertilization, and thus, only the mother’s mtDNA is passed on to the offspring. Optic nerve with peripapillary telangiectasias and pseudoedematous appearance. 2. Mitochondrial Encephalopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke-like Episodes (MELAS) MELAS is a mitochondrial disorder characterized by recurrent stroke-like episodes, muscle weakness, and lactic acidosis. It is caused by mutations in mtDNA. MELAS follows a maternal inheritance pattern, with affected mothers transmitting the condition to their children. The severity and age of onset can vary among individuals, but the underlying genetic mutation is always present in the mitochondria inherited from the mother. Basal ganglia calcification, cerebellar atrophy, increased lactate; a CT image of a person diagnosed with MELAS Click the button below to Download 570+ High-Yield Presentations in Emergencies, Orthopedics, Gynaecology & Obstetrics, Surgery, and Clinical Medicine Get LIFETIME Access to 570+ Medical Presenations 3. Kearns-Sayre Syndrome (KSS) KSS is a rare mitochondrial disorder that affects multiple organ systems, including the eyes, heart, and muscles. Symptoms may include progressive external ophthalmoplegia (eye muscle weakness), cardiac conduction defects, and muscle weakness. KSS is typically caused by large-scale deletions or rearrangements in mtDNA. Similar to other mitochondrial disorders, KSS follows a maternal inheritance pattern, with affected mothers passing the mutated mtDNA to their children. Bilateral ptosis and external ophthalmoplegia. Top: patient looking straight ahead. Below: patient is being asked to look in the direction of the arrow in each case. Restriction of eye movements in each direction is demonstrated. 4. Mitochondrial Diabetes Mitochondrial diabetes refers to a form of diabetes that is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction caused by mutations in mtDNA. This type of diabetes often presents with features such as early age of onset, neurologic abnormalities, hearing loss, and other organ-specific manifestations. The inheritance pattern follows the maternal lineage, meaning affected mothers can pass the condition to their children. Relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and type 2 diabetes. 5. Leigh Syndrome Leigh syndrome is a severe neurological disorder that usually presents in infancy or early childhood. It is characterized by progressive loss of mental and movement abilities, respiratory problems, and lactic acidosis. Leigh syndrome can be caused by mutations in either nuclear DNA or mtDNA, but when caused by mtDNA mutations, it follows a maternal inheritance pattern. Clinical features of Leigh Syndrome These examples demonstrate how mitochondrial inheritance plays a crucial role in the development and transmission of various genetic disorders. Understanding the inheritance patterns of these conditions can aid in accurate diagnosis, genetic counseling, and potential treatments in the future. Click the button below to Download 570+ High-Yield Presentations in Emergencies, Orthopedics, Gynaecology & Obstetrics, Surgery, and Clinical Medicine Get LIFETIME Access to 570+ Medical Presenations Share this : [Sassy_Social_Share total_shares=”ON”] Library Anatomy Anesthesiology Biochemistry Cardiology Dermatology Emergency Endocrinology ENT Examinations Forensic Med. Obs. & Gynae. Hematology Medicine Microbiology Nephrology Neurology Oncology Ophthalmology Orthopaedics Paediatrics Parasitology Pathology Pharmacology Physiology Psychiatry Pulmonology Radiology Rheumatology Surgery
Read MoreAntiepileptic Drugs Classification
Newsletter Antiepileptic Drugs Classification A Comprehensive Exploration of Antiepileptic Drug Classification: Mechanism of Action, Examples, and Clinical Applications Epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures, affects millions of individuals worldwide. Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are the cornerstone of epilepsy management, playing a crucial role in controlling seizures and improving the quality of life for those living with the condition. In this in-depth article, we will take a comprehensive dive into the classification of AEDs, their intricate mechanisms of action, and their specific clinical applications, offering a deeper understanding for healthcare professionals and individuals affected by epilepsy. A chapter from our Pharmacology Flashcards eBook Antiepileptic Drugs Classification Antiepileptic drugs encompass a broad range of medications, which can be classified into several categories based on their mechanism of action. These categories include: 1. Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Blockers Sodium channel blockers, such as phenytoin, carbamazepine, and lamotrigine, act by inhibiting the influx of sodium ions into neurons during the depolarization phase. By doing so, they reduce the excitability of hyperactive neurons and help prevent the spread of abnormal electrical activity, thereby controlling seizures. These drugs are primarily used in the treatment of focal seizures, but some can also be effective against generalized seizures. 2. GABAergic Drugs Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. GABAergic drugs enhance GABA-mediated inhibitory signaling, thereby reducing neuronal excitability and dampening seizure activity. This category includes benzodiazepines (e.g., diazepam, clonazepam), barbiturates (e.g., phenobarbital), and certain AEDs, such as valproate and tiagabine. These drugs are employed in the management of various seizure types, including generalized tonic-clonic seizures and absence seizures. 3. Calcium Channel Modulators Calcium channel modulators, like ethosuximide, act by blocking T-type calcium channels in the thalamus. This mechanism helps to regulate the abnormal burst firing of thalamic neurons associated with absence seizures, making ethosuximide a specific choice for treating this seizure type. A sample page from our Pharmacology Flashcards eBook Click the button below to download Rish Academy’s Pharmacology Flashcards eBook. The book has 15 chapters and 122 Pages. Download Now 4. Glutamate Antagonists Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, and excessive glutamate activity can contribute to seizure generation. Glutamate antagonists, such as topiramate, felbamate, and perampanel, block glutamate receptors or modulate their function, reducing neuronal excitability and preventing the spread of seizures. These drugs are utilized in the treatment of both focal and generalized seizures. 5. Other Mechanisms of Action Some AEDs exhibit unique mechanisms of action that do not fit into the aforementioned categories. For example, valproate exerts its antiepileptic effects through multiple mechanisms, including sodium channel blockade, enhancement of GABA activity, and inhibition of certain enzymes involved in neurotransmitter metabolism. Valproate has a broad-spectrum of activity and is effective in treating various seizure types. Clinical Applications of Antiepileptic Drugs The selection of an appropriate AED depends on several factors, including the type of seizures, the patient’s age, comorbidities, and potential drug interactions. Here are some specific clinical applications of commonly used AEDs: 1. Phenytoin Phenytoin is a first-line treatment for focal seizures and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Its mechanism of action involves sodium channel blockade, which stabilizes neuronal membranes and prevents abnormal electrical activity. 2. Valproate Valproate is a versatile AED used to treat absence seizures, focal seizures, generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and myoclonic seizures. Its multiple mechanisms of action, including sodium channel blockade and enhancement of GABA activity, contribute to its broad-spectrum efficacy. 3. Lamotrigine Lamotrigine is primarily indicated for focal seizures, but it can also be effective against generalized seizures. It acts by inhibiting voltage-gated sodium channels and modulating glutamate release, reducing excitability and dampening seizure activity. A sample page from our Pharmacology Flashcards eBook Download Now 4. Levetiracetam Levetiracetam is a broad-spectrum AED employed in the management of focal seizures and myoclonic seizures. Although its precise mechanism of action is not fully elucidated, it is thought to modulate neurotransmitter release and inhibit calcium channels. 5. Ethosuximide Ethosuximide specifically targets absence seizures by blocking T-type calcium channels in the thalamus, which helps normalize the abnormal thalamic rhythmicity associated with this seizure type. Conclusion A thorough understanding of antiepileptic drugs classification, their intricate mechanisms of action, and specific clinical applications is paramount in effectively managing epilepsy. By tailoring treatment plans to the seizure type, individual patient characteristics, and potential drug interactions, healthcare professionals can optimize seizure control and enhance the overall quality of life for individuals living with epilepsy. Continued research and advancements in AEDs hold promise for further improving epilepsy management and reducing the burden of this neurological disorder. Some slides from the presentations from our Medical Resources Library Click the button below to Download 570+ High-Yield Presentations in Emergencies, Orthopedics, Gynaecology & Obstetrics, Surgery, and Clinical Medicine Get LIFETIME Access to 570+ Medical Presenations Share this : [Sassy_Social_Share total_shares=”ON”] Library Anatomy Anesthesiology Biochemistry Cardiology Dermatology Emergency Endocrinology ENT Examinations Forensic Med. Obs. & Gynae. Hematology Medicine Microbiology Nephrology Neurology Oncology Ophthalmology Orthopaedics Paediatrics Parasitology Pathology Pharmacology Physiology Psychiatry Pulmonology Radiology Rheumatology Surgery
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Buy USMLE Step 3 Notes
Newsletter Buy USMLE Step 3 Notes Why do you need to buy USMLE Step 3 notes? USMLE Step 3 notes are amazing guiding tools to remember complex theories if you are a medical, dental, or nursing student. There are a lot of books on the internet and in your university library with deep theories with long paragraphs. Although everyone uses USMLE Step 3 books for reference, most of the students refer to short notes for their studies and during exams. Because short USMLE Step 3 notes are easy to understand and remember complex theories very easily. But unfortunately, there are only very few platforms on the internet that offer USMLE Step 3 notes. To solve this global problem and to help thousands of medical students worldwide, we have created a lot of USMLE Step 3 notes and presentations and you all can use them on our website for completely free. But to download our USMLE Step 3 notes PDF files, we charge a small fee to cover our expenses. Rish Academy Medical Notes Where can you buy USMLE Step 3 notes? To make it easy for customers, we have made a very simple SHOP PAGE where you can easily find the required notes in several USMLE Step 3 subjects. Up to now, we have more than 570+ USMLE Step 3 notes in several subjects like Clinical Medicine, Emergencies, Gynecology, Obstetrics, Surgery, and Orthopedics. Go to the SHOP PAGE, select the notes, click buy, and enter your payment details to get Lifetime Access to our USMLE Step 3 notes. To make a more trustworthy service, we only use PayPal and Stripe in our payment gateways which are the two most popular and secure payment gateways worldwide. Along with our notes, you can also buy our popular Pharmacology, Pathophysiology, and Medical Mnemonics eBooks to boost your knowledge. Click the button below to Download 570+ High-Yield Medical Presentations in Emergencies in Medicine, Orthopedics, Gynaecology & Obstetrics, Surgery, and Clinical Medicine Get LIFETIME Access to Medical Notes Some slides from the presentations from our Medical Resources Library Where can you download free USMLE Step 3 notes? We also offer Free, comprehensive, easy-to-understand USMLE Step 3 notes covering all the medical specialties that you need to know at medical school. You can browse on our website to read online and download them for free. There are numerous free USMLE Step 3 presentations on our website that are easily accessible to our users. Share this : [Sassy_Social_Share total_shares=”ON”] Library Anatomy Anesthesiology Biochemistry Cardiology Dermatology Emergency Endocrinology ENT Examinations Forensic Med. Obs. & Gynae. Hematology Medicine Microbiology Nephrology Neurology Oncology Ophthalmology Orthopaedics Paediatrics Parasitology Pathology Pharmacology Physiology Psychiatry Pulmonology Radiology Rheumatology Surgery
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Buy USMLE Step 2 Notes
Newsletter Buy USMLE Step 2 Notes Why do you need to buy USMLE Step 2 notes? USMLE Step 2 notes are amazing guiding tools to remember complex theories if you are a medical, dental, or nursing student. There are a lot of books on the internet and in your university library with deep theories with long paragraphs. Although everyone uses USMLE Step 2 books for reference, most of the students refer to short notes for their studies and during exams. Because short USMLE Step 2 notes are easy to understand and remember complex theories very easily. But unfortunately, there are only very few platforms on the internet that offer USMLE Step 2 notes. To solve this global problem and to help thousands of medical students worldwide, we have created a lot of USMLE Step 2 notes and presentations and you all can use them on our website for completely free. But to download our USMLE Step 2 notes PDF files, we charge a small fee to cover our expenses. Rish Academy Medical Notes Where can you buy USMLE Step 2 notes? To make it easy for customers, we have made a very simple SHOP PAGE where you can easily find the required notes in several USMLE Step 2 subjects. Up to now, we have more than 570+ USMLE Step 2 notes in several subjects like Clinical Medicine, Emergencies, Gynecology, Obstetrics, Surgery, and Orthopedics. Go to the SHOP PAGE, select the notes, click buy, and enter your payment details to get Lifetime Access to our USMLE Step 2 notes. To make a more trustworthy service, we only use PayPal and Stripe in our payment gateways which are the two most popular and secure payment gateways worldwide. Along with our notes, you can also buy our popular Pharmacology, Pathophysiology, and Medical Mnemonics eBooks to boost your knowledge. Click the button below to Download 570+ High-Yield Medical Presentations in Emergencies in Medicine, Orthopedics, Gynaecology & Obstetrics, Surgery, and Clinical Medicine Get LIFETIME Access to Medical Notes Some slides from the presentations from our Medical Resources Library Where can you download free USMLE Step 2 notes? We also offer Free, comprehensive, easy-to-understand USMLE Step 2 notes covering all the medical specialties that you need to know at medical school. You can browse on our website to read online and download them for free. There are numerous free USMLE Step 2 presentations on our website that are easily accessible to our users. Share this : [Sassy_Social_Share total_shares=”ON”] Library Anatomy Anesthesiology Biochemistry Cardiology Dermatology Emergency Endocrinology ENT Examinations Forensic Med. Obs. & Gynae. Hematology Medicine Microbiology Nephrology Neurology Oncology Ophthalmology Orthopaedics Paediatrics Parasitology Pathology Pharmacology Physiology Psychiatry Pulmonology Radiology Rheumatology Surgery
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